Background: This study aimed to assess mortality and neurotoxicity caused by the pesticide organophosphate and its correlation with the type of poison and treatment in patients admitted to Vasei Hospital of Sabzevar City, Iran, in 2018. Methods: Out of 122 cases, 52 patients (43. 3%) were male, and 70 patients (56. 9%) were female. The Mean± SD age of the men was 32. 65± 29. 15, and women was 30± 15. 30 years. Results: Mortality in women and men was 10% and 17. 3%, respectively. Among treated people, diazinon had the highest frequency of 76. 4%, and among dead people from diazinon and malathion had the highest rates of 56. 3% and 43. 8%, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of mortality in patients was 7. 3% (n=9). As most people with Organophosphorus poisoning have been exposed to diazinon toxins; therefore, strategies to prevent and reduce exposure to this toxin are essential.

In most rice paddies in Mazandaran Province, diazinon is applied to control Chilo suppressalis. Due to the extensive application of insecticides in the rice paddies of the Caspian coasts of Iran, this investigation was carried out on the rice fields in order to obtain the necessary data and information on the concentration of insecticide residues. A total of 125 samples were taken from five areas of Amol township in 2007. Then, according to the analysis of variance procedures, the water samples were statistically analyzed after the spraying of diazinon. Results indicate that the insecticide was used frequently to control stem boring caterpillar of rice. The residuals of this toxic chemical were observed in the majority of stations from the day after the spraying until one to two months later. The greatest level of diazinon was observed in station 1 in amount of 1.14 ppm. This study revealed that the physical and chemical properties of the studied diazinon such as fumigation characteristic as well as the ecological conditions and soil type influence the reduction and eventual removal of the insecticides during the cultivation and harvest periods.

Background: Because many agricultural lands in Iran are saline, aim of this project is to investigate the biodegradation of cloropyrifos as an Organophosphorus (OP) compound model by halo-tolerant bacteria isolated from agricultural land.Methods: Soil and water samples were collected from saline agricultural areas with history use of OP. For isolation of bacteria capable of utilizing CP as sole carbon source, enrichment technique with the modified-M9 medium supplemented with 50 ppm CP and 5% NaCl was used. The time of each round of enrichment was 14 days. After three rounds of enrichment, modified R2A agar medium (with 5% NaCl) was used for isolation and purification of single colonies. To select the isolates with higher resistance to CP toxicity and CP-degraders that are more efficient the growth of selected strains in modified-M9 media containing 100 to 500 ppm CP as sole source of carbon was assayed after 7 days with UVvisible spectrophotometer at 600nm. Plate-count method was used to compare the growth rate of the isolates in presence of 500 ppm CP.Results: After three rounds of enrichment, 28 morphologically different bacterial colonies were isolated and purified. Evaluation of the growth of the isolates in the presence of 100 ppm CP after 7 days, led to selection of 5 isolates for further studies. Growth measurement of the selected strains in presence of 100 to 500 ppm CP revealed that the rate and extent of the growth of 3 strains CDB1, CDB2 and CDB3 have increased along with pesticide concentration, the results of plate count method also confirmed the increased growth of isolates in 500 ppm CP. Microscopic examination of these isolates indicated that all of the strains are Gram-negative bacilli.Conclusion: Bacteria isolated in this study which are able to use CP as the sole carbon source for their growth, can be promising candidates to remove these compounds from contaminated brackish water bodies and because of structural similarity of OP pesticides, they can be helpful for biodegradation of other members.

Background: Diazinon (DZN) is an organophosphate insecticide widely utilized in agriculture all over the world and causes many negative effects on plants and animal species, especially on human. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of DZN on apoptosis of ovarian follicles in adult rats and to assess the protective role of vit E.Methods: Thirty adult female Wistar rats were divided into five groups: control group (without any intervention), sham group (received only pure olive oil, as solvent), experimental group 1 (DZN+olive oil, 60 mg/kg), experimental group 2 (vit E, 200 mg/kg), and experimental group 3 (DZN+vit E, the same dosage). All drugs were injected intraperitoneally, except vit E administrated by gavage. The animals were scarified after two weeks and left ovary was used to measure apoptosis of ovarian follicles.Results: The number apoptotic cells experimental group 1 increased significantly in contrast control group in secondary and graffian follicles (P<0.001). Administration vit E plus DZN, significantly reduced apoptotic cells compared to DZN group (P<0.001).Conclusion: DZN-induced apoptosis in secondary and graffian follicles and vit E inhibited apoptosis induced by DZN. Vit E might have a protective effect on DZN-induced ovarian toxicity.

Microcerotermes diversus Silvestri, is an important termite in Khuzestan province with a broad range of foraging. In recent years, control of underground termites has been more based on the application of chemicals which has increased pest insecticide resistance. In this study, the resistance of different populations of termites to chlorpyrifos was investigated using estimated LC50 and measuring the activity of two acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione-s-transferase enzymes. Four populations of M. diversus with different histories of Organophosphorus insecticide spraying were studied. Populations A (Am Altamir1), B (Am Altamir2), and C (Mollasani) were collected from date palm groves with 30 and 10-year histories of Organophosphorus insecticide spraying, as well as without spraying history, respectively. Population D (Ramin University) was collected from orange trees, three weeks after spraying with chlorpyrifos. The bioassay results showed that the highest and lowest LC50 values were observed in populations A and C, respectively. Moreover, the activity of AChE using acetylthiocholine iodide, propionylthiocholine iodide, and butyrylthiocholine iodide substrates was higher in the populations with chlorpyrifos spraying history, with the highest activity in population A. It was also demonstrated that the AChE activity with acetylthiocholine iodide substrate was higher than the activity of this enzyme with butyrylthiocholine iodide and the propionyl choline substrates in the populations with 30 and 10-year history of spraying. The Michaelis constant (Km) and maximum velocity (Vmax) values of AChE as two important kinetic factors, indicated the highest affinity of this enzyme to the substrate in population A.

Organophosphorus compounds are one of the important insecticides and pesticides that have been used in chemical warfare as nerve agents. They are a major global clinical problem, with thousands of deaths occurring every year. Organophosphorus compounds inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity cause to the accumulation of acetylcholine at many synapses in the brain and different parts of neuromuscular junctions. In the cases of intoxication to organophosphours poisons four clinical syndromes have been described; cholinergic crisis, intermediate syndrome, delayed neuropathy and chronic organophosphate inducted neuropsychiatric disorder. Whichever stages has special signs and symptoms. The determination of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity in whole blood and plasma, is a rapid, convenient and benefit screening method of poisoning due to Organophosphorus compounds but without high sensitivity and specificity, also assess their degradation products in plasma and urine will be feasible but is expensive and is limited to specialized laboratories. The conventional and standard management of poisoned patients include supportive care, detoxification and treatment with antidote atropine sulfate alone or with an oxime. Some of other drugs have been suggested for treatment, e.g. glycopyrrolate, sodium bicarbonate and magnesium sulfate which may in some cases necessary. But still there are many unanswered questions and controversies in the management of Organophosphorus poisoning. Patients with moderate to severe intoxication who receive first aid and emergency medical treatment may survive. However, the presence of either a cardiac arrhythmia or respiratory failure is associated with a poor prognosis. Finally, to reduce mortality rate, early diagnosis, precise monitoring and selection appropriate treatments are useful. This article presents a review of poisoning with Organophosphorus compounds.

Application of organophosphate pesticides especially diazinon is a common phenomenon that cause pollution wide area of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, an investigation of the effect of this Organophosphorus pesticide on some beneficial soil microorganisms was investigated. In a laboratory research, diazinon in the concentration of 0, 4, 12, 50 mg. kg-1 was added to the soil and incubated. Then the soil sampled in different time of incubation, after preparing proper dilution, fungi, actinomycete, pseudomonas, intestinal bacteria and azotobacter cultivated in the specific medium in three replicates. The analysis was considered as completely randomized design (repeated measurement test). The effect of diazinon on biodiversity index of the cultivable microorganisms also evaluated. In comparison to the control, after application of 4 mg. kg-1 diazinon in the soil the frequency logarithm of actinomycete and azotobacter decreased and pseudomonas increased. The frequency logarithm of intestinal bacteria and fungi were similar to untreated soil. In concentration of 12 and 50 mg. kg-1 the frequency logarithm of all the studied microorganisms reduced. Soil richness in the treatment of 4 mgkg-1 diazinon was more than control and significantly decreased in other concentrations. Biological diversity and evenness decreased in all concentrations of applied diazinon but dominance index increased in comparison with the control. Therefore, most studied soil microorganisms were incompatible with these concentrations of pesticide and this could reduce soil health and fertility.